![]() The spectra were recorded using a custom-designed F/2.1 spectrograph with 6 cm −1 spectral resolution and a liquid nitrogen cooled, deep depletion charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with a chip size of 1024 × 256 pixels (Princeton Instruments, Trenton, NJ). The confocal Raman system employs a tunable titanium-sapphire laser (model 3900S, Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, CA) pumped by an Argon-ion laser (model 2020, Spectra-Physics). ![]() , 2001), and a confocal scanning laser microscope (type VivaScope 1000, Lucid Inc., Rochester, NY). From the results of this exploratory study we conclude that the technique presented has great potential for fundamental skin research, pharmacology (percutaneous transport), clinical dermatology, and cosmetic research, as well as for noninvasive analysis of blood analytes, including glucose. ![]() In vivo measurements on dermal capillaries yielded high-quality Raman spectra of blood in a completely noninvasive manner. Targeting of skin structures is demonstrated by recording in vivo Raman spectra of sweat ducts and sebaceous glands in situ. Novel results are presented that show detailed in vivo concentration profiles of water and of natural moisturizing factor for the stratum corneum that are directly related to the skin architecture by in vivo cross-sectional images of the skin. This combination allows the skin morphology to be visualized and (subsurface) structures in the skin to be targeted for Raman measurements. A combination of both techniques in a single instrument is described. ![]() In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy is an imaging modality that provides optical sections of the skin without physically dissecting the tissue. ![]() In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical method to obtain detailed information about the molecular composition of the skin with high spatial resolution. ![]()
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